Stakeholders Required To Be Worked With To Control Domestic

Question: How To The Identification Of The Population Affected By Domestic Violence? Answer: Introduction There exist various social evils within the society, one such mentionable social evil is domestic violence. It not only impacts the social structure adversely but has major impact on the health status of the section of the community that gets abused by domestic violence. Thus considering the above discussed aspect, the assignment would highlight on the population impacted by domestic violence, the impact on the population affected by it, the social determinants associated with it and the ways of managing such occurrences with the help of relevant stakeholders. On analyzing the victims of domestic violence it has been observed that, women are the most prominent section of the society that is highly impacted by domestic violence. In this context it is mentionable here that according to various researches it has been noticed that in Australia, intimate partner violence and domestic violence is one of the prime reason resulting in death, illness, disability, and among Victorian women aged 15 to 44 (Garcia-Moreno et al., 2007). The reason being, in case of this section of the society, when they experience domestic violence the impact is associated with further complication, this makes them further vulnerable towards this health issue. Ways in which domestic violence impacts women The chosen health issue i.e. domestic violence, though impacts the health status of the section of the society victim to it, but the concept is primarily socially constructed that has developed with time and demonstrates the exiting power distribution (Popcenter.org, 2017). However, in the process of defining domestic violence the feministic perception is required to be discussed which is formulated on the basis of the lived experiences of the abused women which is supported by research evidence. Such definitions clearly highlight the direct correlation between domestic violence with coercive use of force against the abused women. Thus, the above made discussion clearly states that domestic violence is associated with use of force with the motive of threatening or inflicting harm to individual. In this context it is mentionable here that the motive of domestic violence is inflicting harm or impacting the victim adversely, wherein it observed that domestic violence impacts women in two ways short term impact and long term impact. The deaths associated with domestic violence are one of the immediate and extreme ways in which domestic violence impacts women which is due homicides, suicides, miscarriages, homelessness and trauma related to the incident. Injuries are another mentionable short term impact on the victim of domestic violence, inflicted to them during such violent acts (Sokoloff, Dupont, 2007). In terms of adversely impacts women during domestic violence, they are also impacted in long term manner. One of the distinct long term impact on the abused women are gynecological complexities which have major long lasting and persistent impact on the victims of domestic violence. Some of the major risks experienced on their part in this aspect are sexually transmitted dise ase, vaginal bleeding, and urinary infection (Saili et al., 2014). They are also exposed to the risk of physical and sexual abuse. Other than the above mentioned aspect, the mental impact and trauma associated with such occurrences are some of the mentionable reason of adversely affecting them in a long term manner which includes depression, post-traumatic stress, and suicidal tendency. Thus these are ways in which domestic violence impacts women in short term and long term manner. Social determinants of domestic violence On analyzing the aspect of domestic violence against women it has been observed there are various factors or social determinants which are associated with the aspect of domestic violence. One of the major social determinants in this context is socioeconomic status. In this context it is mentionable here that though domestic violence is observed to be prevalent among income brackets, in most of the cases it is seen to be reported from women who belongs from the lower strata of the society who is seen to be dependent on police for the purpose of resolving the dispute (Ellsberg et al., 2007). The surveys conducted on victimization reflect the fact that women having lower income are usually victims of domestic violence as compared to women having wealthier income. It is also required to be mentioned here that along with the women belonging to the lower section of the society who are financially weak, it has also been noticed women receiving government income support payments with the hel p of governmental aids are seen to be exposed to the risk of physical aggression three times more. Another mentionable social determinant impacting the occurrence of domestic violence against women includes the age factor. In this context it has been observed that female age group from 16 to 24 are the section which is at the highest risk for domestic violence. Within this age group it has been noticed that undergraduate college group is the major section which is seen to be exposed to the risk of domestic violence by their dating partners who are seen to be physically assaulted. Race of the victim of domestic violence is a significant social determinant, wherein, in regards to Australia it has been observed that as compared to women from other races, Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal women experience higher rates of domestic violence which are in severe forms (Domesticviolence, 2017). However, it is essential to be stated that, as per the research conducted till date, it is difficult to state the extent of differences of victimization rates on the basis of race is the consequence of willingness to reveal the incidents of victimization. In case of victims of domestic violence, and in cases of domestic violence it has been noticed that repeated victimization is often the prevalent. It results to another major social determinant which is often overlooked is the aspect of incarceration of offenders (Filocamo et al., 2009). The offenders of domestic violence are observed to have prior convictions which are not always for domestic violence. Such individuals of the society having prior history of conviction history are observed to be associated with domestic violence against their partners. Pregnancy is seen to be a major aspect to be considered in cases of domestic violence. It has been noticed in this context that as compared to non-pregnant women, pregnant women are no more likely to be victims of domestic violence (Devries et al., 2011). In certain cases it has been observed that during the period of pregnancy some women are let off from violence. In fact, in certain cases it has been observed that the risk experienced on the part of women during their pregnancy is the result of the physical assault experienced on their part before their pregnancy. Potential stakeholders required to be worked with to control domestic violence In order to minimize the occurrence of domestic violence, there are various stakeholders with whom it is required to be worked in a collaborative manner. In the above made discussion it has been stated that, the victims of domestic violence face such abuse in a repetitive manner. In such cases, it is essential on the part of the victim to immediately report such incidence after it occurs the first time. With the help of working with the police in a coordinated manner, and reporting it immediately the police can immediately take actions against it and further occurrences can be prevented. In addition to the above mentioned aspect, the victims and the various organizations like the hospital, NGOs and most importantly the society in large are required to be made aware regarding the various national policies and the initiatives taken on the part of the government like The National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010-2022 with the help of actions can be taken against such events immediately and further occurrences can be prevented due under such policies (Dss.gov.au, 2017). Another, crucial stakeholders in such cases are hospitals and care providing organizations. The above made discussion stated the fact the in the process of domestic violence the victims are inflicted harm physically, psychologically and even emotionally. In order to manage the impact of such events, the care providing organizations not only plays a crucial role in dealing with the cases with a sensitized manner and provides them with holistic care services, but when such cases arise and it is observed that has not been seen reported on the part of the victims to the responsible authority, they are required to take initiative in reporting that cases (Devries et al., 2013). This would also help in preventing such events in the further. The NGOs, also plays an integral role in such cases. The reason being working with the above discussed stakeholders and the victims in a coordinated manner, they can curb such incidents within the society (Garcia-Moreno, Watts, 2011). Other than that, it is the NGOs which can bring in awareness within the society regarding this social evil and the various adverse impacts associated to it and the actions which can be taken on the part of the victim in such cases. Thus, with the help of disseminating information regarding this aspect as well, awareness can be brought within the society which would help in minimizing such events. The various social support groups associated with such events are also an integral stakeholder in such cases which helps in providing the victims with required support to cope up with such events and regain the normalcy of their life. The government of the nation is an essential stakeholder in minimizing the cases of domestic violence as it is the government of the nation which is responsible for formulating required strategies and policies for preventing such crimes like NSW Strategy to Reduce Violence against Women which helps the community to fight such evils. In addition to it government also helps in delivering justice in such cases (Vernon, 2007). The government with the help of its various campaigns likes Freedom from Free also helps in bringing social awareness and emancipation regarding domestic violence which in turn results in minimizing the occurrence (Gibbons and Paterson, 2007). Hence, all the above discussed stakeholders by working in a collaborative and coordinated manner can reduce the prevalence of domestic violence within the society. Conclusion Thus on the basis of the above made discussion, it can be observed that domestic violence is a multi-layered and complex issue which have short term as well as long term impact on its victim which are primarily women of lower strata. Such social evils can be minimized by collaborative and coordinated working of hospitals, NGOs, police, government and victims of such crime. References Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., ... Pallitto, C. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women.Science,340(6140), 1527-1528. Devries, K., Watts, C., Yoshihama, M., Kiss, L., Schraiber, L. B., Deyessa, N., ... Berhane, Y. (2011). Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: evidence from the WHO multi-country study on womens health and domestic violence against women.Social science medicine,73(1), 79-86. Domesticviolence.com.au. (2017).IMPACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON WOMEN. [online] Available at: https://www.domesticviolence.com.au/pages/impact-of-domestic-violence-on-women.php [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Dss.gov.au. (2017).The National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010 2022. [online] Available at: https://www.dss.gov.au/women/programs-services/reducing-violence/the-national-plan-to-reduce-violence-against-women-and-their-children-2010-2022 [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Pena, R., Agurto, S., Winkvist, A. (2007). Researching domestic violence against women: methodological and ethical considerations.Studies in family planning,32(1), 1-16. Filocamo, G., Mencacci, C., Bramante, A. (2009). Domestic violence against women.Quaderni Italiani di Psichiatria,28(2), 49-58. Garcia-Moreno, C., Watts, C. (2011). Violence against women: an urgent public health priority.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,89(1), 2-2. Garcia-Moreno, C., Heise, L., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Watts, C. (2007). Violence against women.Science,310(5752), 1282-1283. Gibbons, L. and Paterson, D. (2007).FREEDOM FROM FEAR CAMPAIGN AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO REDUCING CRIME. [online] aic.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/criminality/gibbons.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Popcenter.org. (2017).Factors Contributing to Domestic Violence. [online] Available at: https://www.popcenter.org/problems/domestic_violence/2 [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Saili, J., Mahfoz, N., Labong, E. P., Putit, Z. (2014). Domestic Violence against Women. Sokoloff, N. J., Dupont, I. (2007). Domestic violence at the intersections of race, class, and gender challenges and contributions to understanding violence against marginalized women in diverse communities.Violence against women,11(1), 38-64. Vernon, C. (2007).The NSW Strategy To Reduce Violence Against Women. [online] aic.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/partnership/vernon.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2017].

How to Write a Paragraph about Yourself: No Longer a Mystery

How to Write a Paragraph about Yourself: No Longer a Mystery A superb sample essay functions as a practical guide that you are able to use while practicing how to compose a personal essay. A calculator is a good tool which allows for the mathematical exploration and experimentation and therefore enhances the students understanding of concepts. The freewriting exercise is among the bestways to transition to a different manner of writing. To some individuals, writing about self looks embarrassing. Even should you apply for three unique courses, you will only be in a position to study one of them, therefore it helps in the event you try to restrict your choices to similar subjects. There will likely be some cases where there is not a thing you can do, for instance, if you're applying for three totally unrelated subjects, each at two distinct universities. Characteristics of How to Write a Paragraph about Yourself Another strategy is to split up your notes into a few categories and compose a paragraph on every category. For instance, you can create a thesis statement that is associated with health. To put it simply, the outline should emphasize the key points of your essay and label the principal paragraphs in the manner which you want information to appear in your essay together with include the essential point of each paragraph. To begin with, you should decide on the right topic for building a thesis statement. Nowadays you have some concept of why you're writing a personal statement, you have to consider what you're likely to put in it. Usually, personal statements are very specific so should you opt to change the course you're applying for you'd want to rewrite your private statement. Saying why you wish to take your course is possibly the most significant part your private statement. Plan your paragraph in line with the particular family topic you would like to write about. Thus in the instance of all thesis statements, valid arguments should be present to support the major point of the essay. Several paragraphs are then combined to compose a report, an essay, or just a book. The remedy to very long paragraphs must be brutal. So keep in mind for each terrific bit of writing there are fantastic paragraphs collect. The Meaning of How to Write a Paragraph about Yourself Once you're done with the sentences to expand on your subject, you've got to develop a conclusion. Concluding sentences repeat the principal idea of your paragraph in various words. These sentences would be perfect for a paragraph about dogs. There's a particular structure that you've got to follow when you're writing a paragraph. All the words will make sense in the sentences, or so the class has to choose which answer they feel is the very best. Nowadays you've concluded the paragraph and all you need to do is bring it all together. Whether there are one or two long paragraphs, normally a brief paragraph or two will intervene to provide the reader a brief break in concentration. The information in every paragraph has to be related to that idea. When you wish to compose a paragraph, the majority of the second you should start off by finding an idea. It is possible to write a descriptive paragraph to supply the reader with specific details that make a crystal clear picture of your loved ones, or compose a narrative paragraph to tell about a function. Often a well written paragraph will feel complete and it'll appear natural to quit reading as soon as the paragraph closes. While not absolutely necessary, a hook can assist your readers begin considering your principal idea. A very simple bio with concrete facts goes a ways. Each has a principal concept, which is subsequently discussed further. Once you have your idea or topic, you can begin thinking about various things that you can do in order to expand upon that idea. It is preferable to acquire professional writing assistance from the corresponding support. If you would like to reside in an outstan ding state, you should consider moving to California. Remember you don't in fact have to select the course you would like to take yet, just have a general idea of the subject area (or areas) you may be interested in. If you believe it's too complicated, you can secure a small assistance.

UT Austin College of Business: Your Guide to Writing Topic C Essays

UT Austin College of Business: Your Guide to Writing Topic C EssaysThe UT Austin College of Business topic C essay is an example of the best essay writing tip for college students that can improve their GPA and even help you with your admissions. This essay requires no special knowledge, but will require you to be well organized and willing to take the time to really think about what you are writing.You should think about why you are writing the topic C essay. In other words, what do you hope to accomplish by completing this assignment? You need to make sure that your essay is not only very interesting, but that it is also well written. If you do not have a plan in place, this may not be easy to accomplish.The first thing you want to think about when you write your topic C essay is how to begin your essay. There are many ways to do this. The easiest way is to write the introduction and then go into the body of the essay. Be sure to have a strong title as this will be the focus of you r essay. When you are writing this part of your essay, it is best to use MLA style, which is a paper that follows a story line or pattern.The second part of your topic C essay is generally an introduction to your topic. Again, you want to make sure that your introduction is very important. You can make the introduction as long or as short as you wish. The important thing is that it is clear to readers what your goal is.The third part of your topic C essay is what you hope to accomplish. This part of your essay should offer a conclusion to your goal. As with the rest of your essay, you want to make sure that your conclusion is compelling and that it is specific.Finally, the last part of your topic C essay is going to be very specific. You want to make sure that your conclusion is truly unique. Just like in the rest of your essay, you want to make sure that you are able to make your conclusion as close to the original plan as possible. Remember, you will not be penalized for having ge neric conclusions, but you will be penalized if you do not provide unique ones.UT Austin College of Business provides the best C essay writing tip for students. They have taken the entire experience of writing an essay and have put together a very specific guide to writing topic C essays. This is one of the best ways to achieve your goal of writing an essay that impresses your professor.You can learn more about UT Austin's College of Business through the Internet. It is possible to take advantage of UT Austin's College of Business for all of your business education needs. Make sure that you take advantage of the quality education and support that the College of Business offers.

Outrageous College Scholarship Essay Future Career Goals Tips

Outrageous College Scholarship Essay Future Career Goals Tips Show the selection committee which you're far better than your transcripts. The scholarship committee would like to observe how investing in your education will aid your career. If you're asking for a scholarship or maybe to get admission into a program or school, the committee not only wishes to observe how well it is possible to articulate your ideas, but also would like you to convince them which you deserve the scholarship or a location in their program. Instead, mention the way your education can aid your career. Discuss how it will help you achieve your career goals. For your college scholarship essay you could be asked about your career objectives. For your college scholarship essay, you might be asked about your career targets. The readers, however, may want to hear more than just a single career objective. A career essay describes your objectives, reveals your nature and projects a feeling of purpose. Composing an appropriate career goals essay can be difficult should you not actually have any ambitions. Writing an essay that explains what goals you would like to pursue in your upcoming career is a skill you are going to have to demonstrate a lot for a student. Such a career goals essay can have to write in high school in addition to college and its important purpose is to find out whether you have understanding of the planet beyond the education system. It is very important to demonstrate clear comprehension of the function of MBA program in your upcoming career and why exactly you are thinking about pursuing it. One's career ought to be suiting the purpose of someone's life and passion besides relying on one's finest skills. For prewriting, start with a couple basics like defining your fantasy job or writing about your final career objective. That means you can be certain of excellent scholarship essay examples. What's a scholarship essay. Writing a scholarship essay may not be an easy endeavor for many students. It can be very difficult especially if you want to do it well. The ending of your scholarship application essay has become the most significant part the piece. Scholarship essay prompts are extremely tricky, so you need to read and re-read it multiple times to recognize key themes. Keep reading to find eight steps to help you compose a better scholarship essay so you can secure the money you must fund your international education. In reality, should you need a personalized essay for scholarship feel free to get in touch with AdvancedWriters writing service. Lots of people hate the thought of writing scholarship essays. Don't forget, all type of activities you're speaking about in the essay must be associated with the scholarship program. The very first thing you ought to do is to thoroughly read and understand the essay prompt. For quite a few, telling a story is the simplest and best means to compose a scholarship essay. What You Should Do to Find Out About College Scholarship Essay Future Career Goals Before You're Left Behind Scholarship committees aren't only searching for good students, they are often trying to find an individual that is suitable for their organizational objectives. The scholarships you find are likely to fit into specific themes that you must have the ability to identify so as to save your family time, frustration, stress, and above all money. Applying for college takes quite a bit of work. Therefore, to put it short, this essay on career goals can definitely determine your future once since if you don't persuade the possible employer they should hire you or the admissions board to offer you an opportunity to study at their college, you're losing a good chance. The question of future career is frequently a struggle to answer for students on account of the uncertainties and selection of choices. Career goal is something which everyone ought to be setting no matter what career everybody is choosing. Your career goals can include things like getting hired by a certain company, making a specific amount of money or working with a certain group of people such as immigrants, young children or the disabled.

How to Use Historic Middle School Essays As Sample of an Educational Essay

How to Use Historic Middle School Essays As Sample of an Educational EssayA sample of an historical middle school essay can be a helpful tool to use when writing a composition. The middle school years are often filled with hard work and significant studies, so the student will want to impress their parents with what they have accomplished. This is why a middle school student will want to bring out their best qualities to impress the parents. Therefore, creating a sample of an historical middle school essay can really help the student to shine in this area.Many samples of middle school essays have been written by teachers of different subjects and you will find them easily. However, you might find that some of the middle school essays have been rewritten many times and you do not have the original version of the essay. This is the time when you will be able to purchase a sample of an historical middle school essay for you to write. These samples will give you the chance to know how to create an essay that will impress the parents, but it will also be informative to you.There are several places where you can purchase a sample of an historical middle school essay for your child. You will find a selection of samples on the internet. The best place to purchase these samples is online, as you will be able to save money and you will be able to write a sample that is very unique to you.You should purchase a sample of the historical middle school essays because you want to add your own twist to the piece. The essay can be an authentic one, or you can add your personal twist to it. When writing a sample of an historical middle school essay, you want to be honest about it, as this will make it more effective.Many parents appreciate the samples of historical middle school essays, as they will be able to see the style and the personality of their child. For example, if you have a daughter who is shy, you can use the sample to show her that being happy does not have to mean that she has to be perfect. You can encourage her by showing her that she can be successful. This is the beauty of writing a sample of an historical middle school essay.You should purchase a sample of the historical middle school essays to help you write a more interesting piece of composition. If you can write a sample of an historical middle school essay that will be more informative, then you will be able to create a successful composition. This will help you with your own children's work as well. This will allow you to create a work that will be beneficial to them as well.When you purchase samples of historical middle school essays, you will be able to get a few different styles and themes. If you want a more popular piece, you can choose the more common styles such as the religious themes. However, if you want a more unique piece of a history work, you can choose the more unusual topics and styles such as American Indian history.You will be able to get more information about th e different samples of historical middle school essays that you will find online. You will be able to learn more about how to create a proper academic composition for your student. These essays are an important part of middle school education, and they can help to prepare your student for the job market.

Methods of Analysis free essay sample

Methods of Analysis 1 ? ? Tonya Banks ACC281: Accounting Concepts for Health Care Professionals Methods of Analysis Keith Graham March 29, 2010 Methods of Analysis 2 Financial statements are records that provide information of an organization or business financial status and is a measurement of the fiscal or quarterly performance of a company. They are written evidence of reporting obligations and are used for making decisions. There are different methods for examining the financial statement and balance sheet. Vertical analysis, horizontal analysis and financial ratios are part of financial statement analysis. Horizontal analysis are amounts of trends and changes noted on a financial statements from past years or quarters within a year. The amounts in dollar helps users of financial statements and auditors to understand changes in finances, whether positive or negative. An example for horizontal analysis would be sales from 2008 that total $500,000 and 2009 that total $900,000, sales increased to 180% from 2008 to 2009 an increase of 80%. In a base year the absolute dollar amount of financial statements of consecutive years is changed to a percentage of the base year dollar amount or trends of percentages. We will write a custom essay sample on Methods of Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Absolute amounts of a horizontal analysis is a comparison of dollar amounts of operating expenses and other items over a period of time, quarterly or annually. This is a very important method when determining whether a company is spending to much or to little on needed items and if an opposing company has influences on a business such as increasing or reducing on cost of materials. â€Å"Percentage analysis involves computing the percentage relationship between two amounts â€Å" (Edmonds), quarterly or annually, another way of horizontal analysis. In percentage analysis the absolute dollar amount is changed to percentage, 2008 that total $500,000 and 2009 that total $900,000, sales increased to 180%. The percentage analysis of the horizontal method is very helpful in comparing and Methods of Analysis 3 contrasting smaller business’ to larger business’. â€Å"Vertical analysis uses percentages to compare individual components of financial statements to a key statement figureâ€Å" (Edmonds). A Wal-Mart for example pays $1000 dollars this quarter in advertisements and made a $40000 profit from sales, this Wal-Mart paid 2. % in advertisements for this quarter. The result of every income statement amount being restated as a percentage of sales and ratio is a comparison of percentages or a vertical analysis of an income statement. This restatement of income is also called a common size statement which allows for comparison of a company’s income statement to another company’s income statement or to the average of the industry. Vertical analysis of the balance sheet reports items as percentage of total assets or liabilities and equity. An example would be cash on hand $10,000 and total assets of $20,000, the cash reported will be 50% of the total assets. â€Å"Ratio analysis involves studying various relationships between different items reported in a set of financial statements† (Edmonds). Ratio analysis is used to measure quantities on a financial statement, calculating from current year performance, activity, financing and liquidity, and comparing them to previous years, other companies, the industry, and the economy to see, understand and know the performance, activity, financing and liquidity of the company.

Recognition of Bangla Sign Language Alphabets by Image Processing

Recognition of Bangla Sign Language Alphabets by Image Processing Free Online Research Papers Abstract: This paper presents an image processing technique for mapping Bangla Sign Language alphabets to text. It attempts to process static images of the subject considered, and then matches them to a statistical database of pre-processed images to ultimately recognize the specific set of signed letters. Hand gesture recognition is a challenging problem in its general form. We consider a fixed set of manual commands and a reasonably structured Environment, and develop a simple, yet effective, procedure for gesture recognition. Our approach contains steps for converting the RGB image to Binary image, removing noise from this image, segmenting the hand region, finding out its area, circumference, and edges then extract some features from this preprocessed image. Then we create a database based on this features and classify the gesture based on the database. We also use exclusive-Or template matching and PSNR (Peak signal to noise ratio) comparison to detect the signs of Bangla Sign Language. F inally we combine the result of these three methods to detect the resultant gesture and convert them to text. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique on real imagery. Index Terms- Bangla Sign Language, Communication, Image processing, Finger-spelling, Linguistics Sign language. 1. INTRODUCTION A sign language [1] is a language which uses different kinds of sign pattern to express the thoughts of a signer. Sign language is commonly used by the physically impaired people who can not speak and hear. As a nation we have the historical background of language movement, which reminds us that everyone has the right to communicate using their own language. Since the beginning, Sign language has been promoted side-by-side with oral language as a medium of interaction and exchanging of ideas. Most widely spoken languages around the world have established Sign language; however Bangladesh did not have any standardized Bangla Sign language. Bangla sign language is a modified form of British, American and Australian sign language and some local indigenous signs are also used in there. According to Centre for Disability in Development (CDD) [2] there are as many as 80 million people with disabilities in Bangladesh. So it is very important to disseminate the sign language throughout the community. Here we follow the Bangla sign language letters and numeric signs developed by CDD. Recognizing the hand gesture of Bangla sign language using Computer vision [3, 4] is a new idea. Previously these types of works are done on American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL) but in case Bangla Sign Language it is in its beginning phase. Two approaches are commonly used to recognize gestures one of them is gloved-base approach [5] and the other is vision-based approach. In gloved-base approach, gloves, sensors etc are used as a measuring device to analyze the hand movements. But the glove based system suffers from the limitation of using a device which is intrusive both for signer and the audience and they are also very expensive. Vision-based gesture recognition systems can be divided into three main components: Image processing or extracting important clues (hand shape and position, face or head Position, etc.) [6, 7, 8] tracking the gesture features (related position or motion of hand Poses), and gesture interpretation (based on collected information that support predefined Meaningful gesture). The first phase of gesture recognition task is to select a model of the gesture. The modeling of gesture depends on the intent-dent applications by the gesture. There are two different approaches for vision-based modeling of gesture: Model based approach and Appearance based approach. The Model based techniques are tried to create a 3D model of the user hand (parameters: Joint angles and palm position) or contour model of the hand and use these for gesture recognition. Appearance based approaches use template images or features from the training images (images, image geometry parameters, image motion parameters, fingertip position, etc.) [10] which is used for gesture recognition. The gestures are modeled by relating the appearance of any gesture to the appearance of the set of predefined template gestures. Gesture recognition methods are divided into two categories: static gesture or hand poster and dynamic gesture or motion gesture. Dynamic gestures are considered as temporally consecutive sequences of hand or head or body postures in sequence of time frames. Dynamic gestures recognition is accomplished using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), Dynamic Time Warping, Bayesian networks or other patterns recognition methods that can recognize sequences over time steps. Static gesture (or pose gesture) recognition can be accomplished by using template matching, eigenspaces or PCA (Principal Component Analysis), Elastic Graph Matching, neural network [11,12] or other standard pattern recognition techniques. Template matching techniques are actually the pattern matching approaches. It is possible to find out the most likely hand postures from an image by computing the correlation coefficient or minimum distance metrics with template images. In this paper we worked on recognizing static gesture of Bangla Sign Language using pattern matching approaches. When tested for real imagery, satisfactory results have been obtained for signs of numerals, vowels and consonants. 2. IMPLEMENTATION The goal of this research work is to interpret the signs of Bangla Sign Language. Here we use image processing as a tool [13] to interpret this signs. Hand gesture recognition by image processing is a challenging task. Because till now this types of work are very much under construction and as far we know it is in its starting phase in case of Bangla Sign Language. Bangla Sing Language has two-hand dominant signs for letters and one-hand dominant signs for numbers. Here we focused on both the one-hand dominant and two-hand dominant signs of Bangla Sign Language and develop a system that can recognize the numeric, vowel, consonant signs of Bangla Sign language using image processing. The block diagram of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 1 and the steps involved in this work are outlined below: 1. Convert a RGB image to Binary Image based on some threshold values (Binary conversion). 2. Remove noise from the image (Morphological filtering). 3. Segment the hand gesture from the image. 4. Extract features of the segmented region and store this data in a database (Blob analysis). 5. Train the system for each sign and create statistical database. 6. Recognize the correct sign from the input image by calculating cumulative errors with the data stored in database. Fig. 1: System block diagram 3. IMAGE PROCESSING The following image processing procedures have been implemented in this work. 3.1 IMAGE AQUISITION We capture the images in a constraint environment. Pixel-based skin color segmentation [14, 15, 16] is very sensitive to the environmental effect such as noise and illumination. We use a black cloth as background and our signer has to wear white gloves in his both hand. We capture the image from a constant distance and try to maintain a constant light. 3.2 BINARY CONVERSION After analyzing lots of images we decide a threshold limit. Then using this threshold limit we convert this RGB image to Binary image as seen in Fig. 2. We read the image pixel by pixel and whenever we read a pixel that has the RGB within our threshold limit, we store 1 for this pixel position in an array and for other pixel position we store 0. In this way we obtain a binary image that has 1 for our desired region and 0 for background. RGB image Binary Image Fig. 2: RGB to Binary Conversion We use flood fill algorithm to fill the internal holes of our desired hand posture region. It is important for us to remove noise from the image. Noise means unwanted white pixel outside the desired region. For removing noise we apply Depth First Search algorithm. Then we segment [17] the desired hand region from the image and resize the image by 180 by 50 pixels. 4. FEATURE EXTRACTIONS We calculate the area and the perimeter of the upper right, upper left, lower left, lower right of the segmented region as shown in Fig. 3. Then by summing these areas we calculate the total area and total perimeter of the image. We store the average upper right area, upper left area, lower left area, lower right, total of the segmented region of four images for each sign in our database. Perimeter information is calculated in the same way as given in Fig. 4. Area: A_Total=(A_NW+ A_NE+ A_SW+ A_SE) A _Up=(A_NW+ A_NE) A _Down=(A _SW+ A _SE) A _Right=(A _NW+ A_SW) A _Left=(A _NE+ A_SE) Perimeter: P _Total= (P_NW+ P_NE+ P_SW+ P_SE) P _Up= (P _NW+ P _NE) P _Down= (P _SW+ P _SE) P _Right= (P _NW+ P _SW) Fig. 3: Area and Perimeter of the segmented region 5. SIGN DETECTION METHODS We follow three methods to detect the signs. Among them first one is area comparison, second one is Exclusive -OR template matching and third one is PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) comparison. 5.1. DETECTION OF SIGNS BASED ON AREA AND PERIMETER At first we create an area and perimeter database [18] for each sign as mentioned above. Then for the input image, we also calculate its area and perimeter and calculate the cumulative error with those stored in the database. The set of image in the database that corresponds to a given letter and has the lowest cumulative error, revels the highest priority of the correct letter being returned. In Table 1 we show the cumulative error result for five images of sign ?. For each time we calculate the area of the Fig. 4: Area and Perimeter Database input image and then calculate the cumulative error with average area values of each image that is stored in our database. Our system returns the sign id which gives us minimum cumulative error. Here for five input images of sign ?, each time from our database the system returns minimum cumulative error for sign ?. TABLE 1: CUMULATIVE AREA ERROR COMPARISON RESULT FOR FIVE IMAGE OF SIGN ? WITH IMAGES OF OTHER SIGNS Image No: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 137.2 340.3 393.1 534.9 518.5 512.8 488.3 341.4 416.0 399.3 360.1 429.9 389.0 330.2 383.3 2 136.0 339.6 386.3 529.8 516.0 515.4 484.7 335.9 412.9 395.8 357.4 429.9 387.4 327.6 384.2 3 138.1 340.4 382.7 529.3 515.7 516.7 483.6 335.4 410.5 393.0 353.3 431.8 385.4 323.9 386.4 4 152.3 334.8 400.1 530.6 517.8 493.5 484.9 357.4 431.7 408.0 361.6 421.4 380.8 338.3 376.6 5 149.8 328.8 388.7 527.3 521.9 499.69 481.8 349.3 424.2 400.6 353.6 426.4 383.3 329.6 380.5 It is seen that for five images of Sign ? each time ? has the minimum cumulative error. 5.2. DETECTION OF SIGNS BASED ON EXCLUSIVE-OR We create an Exclusive OR template image as shown in Fig. 5 for each sign based on the binary images stored in our database and compare it with the input images. For our input image we calculate error with the Exclusive-OR template images stored in our database and detect our desired sign based on the minimum error. The result of Table 2 shows that for five input images of sign ? each time our system return minimum error for sign ? . TABLE 2: ERROR COMPARISON OF EXCLUSIVE OR TEMPLATE MATCHING RESULT FOR FIVE IMAGES OF SIGN ? WITH IMAGES OF OTHER SIGNS Image No: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 477 5778 8097 9128 7006 8495 8575 8562 9058 9166 8522 8555 7773 7313 5798 2 230 5773 8104 9119 6989 8630 8612 8671 9033 9229 8479 8460 7592 7450 5807 3 407 5802 8173 9112 6942 8729 8543 8676 8960 9242 8446 8335 7459 7505 5802 4 1271 5808 7949 9078 7060 8661 8449 8570 9108 9142 8314 8327 7415 7415 5902 5 1555 5712 8043 9096 7034 8669 8377 8452 9126 9120 8268 8411 7581 7291 5940 Fig. 5: Exclusive OR template image for sign 4 5.3. DETECTION OF SIGNS BASED ON PSNR COMPARISON The preprocessed input image is compared with all the Exclusive-Or template image of each sign stored in our system based on the definition of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) [19 , 20]. The Mean Square Error is given by The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio is given by Our system detect the sign based on the maximum value of PSNR comparison between Exclusive-Or template image for each sign stored in our system and our preprocessed input image. Table3 show the PSNR comparison result for five image of sign ? and each time PSNR comparison result for sign ? is maximum. TABLE 3: PSNR COMPARISON RESULT FOR FIVE IMAGE OF SIGN ? WITH IMAGES OF OTHER SIGNS Image No: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 15.76 4.93 3.46 2.94 4.09 3.26 3.22 3.26 2.98 2.93 3.24 3.23 3.64 3.91 4.91 2 16.45 4.91 3.42 2.95 4.13 3.14 3.23 3.21 3.02 2.89 3.28 3.34 3.82 3.79 4.91 3 18.93 4.93 3.46 2.95 4.10 3.19 3.20 3.21 2.99 2.90 3.26 3.27 3.74 3.83 4.91 4 11.51 4.91 3.59 2.97 4.06 3.17 3.28 3.21 2.95 2.94 3.35 3.34 3.85 3.86 4.84 5 10.63 4.98 3.49 2.96 4.08 3.17 3.32 3.25 2.94 2.95 3.37 3.30 3.75 3.92 4.81 We detect the sign based on the combined result of these three detection methods which make our system more accurate. The graphical interface of the proposed system is depicted in Fig. 6. Fig. 6: Graphical Interface of our Software 6. PERFORMANCE ANALYSES Here we work with 10 numeric signs and 5 vowel and 5 consonant signs of bangla sign language. 1. We use 80 images (4 images for every sign) to train our system, including one hand dominant numeric signs and two hand dominant vowel and consonants signs. 2. We taste our system with 255 images, and get almost every sign detected correctly, except for 1 image (shown in Fig. 7). Fig. 7: Sign for 0 3. There are some cases where the detection rate is not satisfactory. This types of signs are shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 8: Images that have almost same shape 7. CONCLUSIONS The Primary focus of this study was to examine image processing as a tool for the conversion of signs of Bangla Sign Language to text. This study is further promising to be used in real-time application to fully recognize all the letter of Bangla Sign language. This can be further developed into a system which can be integrated in to the upcoming telecommunication devices with cameras to bridge the communication gap between the hearing and deaf/hard of hearing communities. System can be enhanced in terms of increase in the data processing speed and data storage by using the compression techniques and feature extraction techniques. REFERENCES [1]Klima, E. Bellugi, U. 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[19] Divya Mandloi, â€Å"Implementation of Image Processing Approach to Translation of ASL Finger-Spelling to Digital Text,† Rochester Institute of Technology: The Laboratory for Advanced Communications Technology, 2006. [20] Kanthi Sarella and Chance M. Glenn, â€Å"Formulation of an Image Processing Technique for Improving Sign2 Performance,† International Telecommunications Education and Research Association (ITERA) Fourth Annual Conference on Telecommunications Information Technology, Las Vegas, March 19-20, 2006. Research Papers on Recognition of Bangla Sign Language Alphabets by Image ProcessingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraOpen Architechture a white paperQuebec and CanadaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of India