THich Nhat Hanh The Creator of Engaged Buddhism Essay

Thich Nhat Hanh...The creator of engaged Buddism Thich Nhat Hanh is a Vietnamese monk and a peace activist. Thich or Thay in Vietnamese means teacher. He is an author of more than 100 books and was nominated for the nobel prize by Martin Luther King Jr. His life has since been dedicated to the work of inner transformation for the benefit of individuals and society. Nhat Hanh was born in the city of Quá º £ng Ngà £i in Central Vietnam in 1926. He was inspired to become a monk when he was seven. He saw the picture of the Buddha sitting on the grass with peace and a smile. He was impressed and had a desire to be like him. At first, his parents opposed his will because they believed that the life of a monk was difficult. When ordaining, Viemanese†¦show more content†¦In 1967, Dr. King gave a famous speech at the Riverside Church in New York City, his first to publicly question the U.S. involvement in Vietnam. It is what led Martin Luther King Jr. to nominate Nhat Hanh for a No bel Peace Prize in 1967. He said, â€Å"I do not personally know of anyone more worthy of [this prize] than this gentle monk from Vietnam. His ideas for peace, if applied, would build a monument to ecumenism, to world brotherhood, to humanity However, Although King had make a â€Å"strong requiest† to the prize committee, it was in sharp of Nobel traditions and protocol. The committee dicided to not make any award that year. Engaged Buddhism Thich Nhat Hanh combined a variety of traditional Zen teachings with the insights from Mahayana, methods from Theravada and ideas from Western psychology to offer a modern light on meditation practice. He was inspired to create Engaged Buddhism since he witnessed the suffering caused by the war and he wanted to practice Buddhism in a way that can bring help to the society. He became a leader for the Engaged Buddhism movement and promoted the individuals active role in creating changes. Engaged Buddhism means the way that people are applying knowledge and insights from dhrama teachings and meditation practice to the situation of social,

American Slavery Essay - 983 Words

Slavery, especially in America, has been an age old topic of riveting discussions. Specialist and other researchers have been digging around for countless years looking for answers to the many questions that such an activity provided. They have looked into the economics of slavery, slave demography, slave culture, slave treatment, and slave-owner ideology (p. ix). Despite slavery being a global issue, the main focus is always on American slavery. Peter Kolchin effectively illustrates in his book, American Slavery how slavery evolved alongside of historical controversy, the slave-owner relationship, how slavery changed over time, and how America compared to other slave nations around the world. Slavery evolved in many different ways†¦show more content†¦Such a dramatic switch as the one from indentured servants to slaves was not the only transformation in American slavery. Slaves underwent many integral changes as the years of servitude progressed. The slave-owner relat ionship directly represented how times changed for slaves while working. As they were brought over to America and were in culture shock, they were often treated like absolute dirt. The inferiority of slaves is illustrated as Kolchin states that â€Å"It was easy to look upon Africans in an instrumental manner: they were â€Å"savages† imported to work, and few planters expressed much interest in their lives, except for a lively concern with training them in that work or securing their obedience (p. 59).† As time progressed however, and less slaves were directly from Africa, the ideology towards slaves changed. Kolchin writes that â€Å"Slave owners were changing too: just as the slaves were becoming America-born, so, too, were the masters (p.59).† Slave owners started to look at slaves at as people instead of objects. This was a very monumental step in slavery. Slaves began to gain more freedoms from their masters. These freedoms included religious Sunda ys off, family visitations, and the ability to make money on the side. While some slaves were still met with the hardships of harsh southern slave owners beating them, as time went on, slaves became more ofShow MoreRelatedAmerican Slavery, American Freedom Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesEdmund S. Morgan’s famous novel American Slavery, American Freedom was published by Norton in 1975, and since then has been a compelling scholarship in which he portrays how the first stages of America began to develop and prosper. Within his researched narrative, Morgan displays the question of how society with the influence of the leaders of the American Revolution, could have grown so devoted to human freedom while at the same time conformed to a system of labor that fully revoked human dignityRead MoreAmerican Slavery1079 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation increased. Planters turned to African slaves to replace the white servants, in this manner elevated the status of poor whites. There we re three structural changes: the decline of opportunity, the beginnings of natural increase, and the rise of slavery. By 1680 tobacco prices declined so much that planters earned barely enough income to recover their costs of production, and tobacco prices went below that level. But in 1740 the tobacco prices began to rise, however not having the tobacco boomRead MoreJustification of American Slavery2267 Words   |  10 Pagesearly 1600s, the majority of Indentured Servants were Native Americans. However, due to the increasing death toll of the Native American people as an result of European diseases. As a result, the percentage of indentured servants slowly shifted towards the African community as time progressed. At the time, colonialist had no problem justifying indentured servants into slavery. There were five major methods in justifying slavery. One of these methods was a biblical justification, referringRead MoreAmerican Slavery in 1600s 2755 Words   |  11 PagesAmerican Slavery Slavery became an established activity in America by 1600’s. The slaves were mostly to provide free and cheap labor. Apart from America, slavery was practiced in other parts of the world throughout history, and in fact it can be traced back to the time of the ancient civilization. With industrial revolution especially with the rise of sugar plantations, the slaves were used to grow sugar in the periods from 1100. This intensified between 1400 and 1500 when Portugal and Spain venturedRead MoreSlavery And The American Revolution2902 Words   |  12 PagesThat is the reason behind me choosing my topic on slavery in that era because it is such a wide and important topic with so much relevance and importance to creating the U.S. that we live in today not only building the foundation but creating the melting pot that the U.S. prides itself on. Within the body of this essay we will discussing many important topics on slavery including the Haitian Revolution, Brazil being the last co untry to abolish slavery, showing the difference between women and men slavesRead MoreSlavery And The American Dream1393 Words   |  6 PagesSlaves they are products of a lost mind and irresponsible love. Now when I say a slave I am not talking about someone who is the property of someone else that must obey his or her every command. I am talking about the slavery of the mind that has run like wild fire among the black community. However sad it may be, our own kind are making their children into slaves. There are few things that have had such an impact on making slaves as the topics that I am about to mention. Which all will take placeRead MoreSlavery And Circuses : The Development Of Race And American Slavery Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery and Circuses: The Development of Race and American Slavery as a Result of Fabricated Class Divisions Imposed by the Jamestown Elite The rise of slavery in mid-seventeenth century Jamestown brought forth a new system of economic and political organization that reinforced not only the older class divisions, but also reinvigorated the already existent, but limited racial divide. From the beginning, the Virginia Company was incorporated on a disastrous union of these two forces. The failure toRead MoreSlavery : The African American Slavery2189 Words   |  9 PagesAPUSH - Steiker Period 6 Slavery 1775 - 1830 â€Å"Those who will not reason, are bigots, those who cannot, are fools, and those who dare not, are slaves, † said George Gordon Byron. Though slavery has never had a universal definition, one might describe it as the dependent labour by one person performed to another who is not of his or her family. It was thought to have come about after a dramatic labour shortage in particular areas or countries. In America, slavery has always been a highly debatedRead MoreSlavery And The Making Of American Capitalism1153 Words   |  5 PagesJose Arciga Robert Dean History 110 11.10.15 Essay Prompt The Half Has Never Been Told :Slavery and the making of American Capitalism Back when America was being shaped, tobacco was the main slave produced trade in the colonies. Plantations all across the south had a majority of the slaves from Africa brought here on ships. Forced to work for their slave owners. Tobacco wasn t the only booming business. Cotton soon came into the picture, the north was a more industrial economy, while the southRead MoreThe Hardship Of American Slavery1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hardship of American Slavery Jean-Jacques Rousseau once said, â€Å"Men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains.†(Mulder) Well it is the exact opposite, men are born in chains, and they will have to earn their freedom, because nothing is free in this world or there is no such thing as free lunch as they say. Bing dictionary defines the word slavery as â€Å"the state or condition of being held in involuntary servitude as the property of somebody else.† (Bing Dictionary) They were sold and purchased

The Negative Impact of Bilangual Education Free Essays

It is true that, fitting in and adapting to two different linguistic and cultural world can have lasting impacts on individuals, hence, Richard Rodriguez, in his book â€Å"Achievement of Desire†, addresses his struggles as a young boy, trying to adapt to a bilingual education and how that education alienated him from his uneducated Mexican parents. Additionally in the excerpts â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† Gloria Anzaldua, while she mainly focuses on the language of â€Å"Mexican† people in different aspects, also mentions her strife as a bilingual student. Although these two stories are different in many ways but they both reflect the negative impact of living in the â€Å"borderlands†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Impact of Bilangual Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now To better understand those cultural conflicts, it is essential to know exactly what the borderlands consist of and who spans there, but most importantly what they represent in this context. The concept of â€Å" the borderlands† informs â€Å"a variety of disciplines at the start of the twenty-first century, with many studies focusing on the boundaries where two or more disparate conceptual, social, or political entities overlap productively†(Ybarra, 1-3). However, Anzaldua’s idea of the borderlands as an active place where people can form their own identity and political resistance remains the most influential according to multiple respected scholars. Understanding the bioregional and ecological aspect of the US-Mexico borderlands, amplifies our knowledge of how colonization, exploitation, and racism impact the land and mostly the Chicanos. Furthermore, one can attribute the concept of borderlands with bilingual education with both English and Spanish being the two territories in question, as experienced by both Anzaldua and Rodriguez. In Anzaldua’s essay â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† she describes her early childhood struggles in school. One of her memories from elementary school was when she was speaking Spanish with her friends during recess, they would tell her â€Å"If you want to be American, speak ‘American’. If you don’t like it, go back to Mexico where you belong. †(Anzaldua 43). In this situation she is forced to be silent and not speak. Growing up, she was constantly told from many of her elders that she needed to speak better English, and sound more American. Anzaldua’s own mother was ashamed of the way that she spoke English, saying it sounded like a Mexican. She reflects on two speech classes that she was required to take with all other Chicano students that had only one purpose, to get rid of their accents. â€Å"In childhood we are told that our language is wrong. Repeated attacks on our native tongue diminish our sense of self. Until I can take pride in my language, I cannot take pride in myself. † (Anzaldua 45-46). Part of language includes culture identity. It is unfair for people to feel ashamed of their identity due to the way they speak. Your language is what keeps you connected to your homeland and you should not feel guilty for speaking it. One should not have to go through speech classes to correct a native accent; the accent is a part of your identity, it is part of who you are. You should not be ashamed to speak and express yourself, because you should never be judged on how you speak, but by the content of what you’re saying. From adolescence the dominants are imposing their degrading views on the subordinates. Many of the teachers that approached these students, telling them â€Å"if they want to speak Spanish go back to Mexico†, are making assumptions based on prejudice about the individuals. The constant degrading ultimately lowers their self-esteem, making it difficult for them to feel that they can overcome being a part of the subordinate group. Anzaldua however rebels against these comments. She seems hostile to the English language and to a culture that does not honor the Spanish language in general or various Spanish dialects in particular. Her general response is one of defiance, for example when she says that to attack an individual’s form of expression (in her case, speaking her Chicano Spanish dialect at school) with the intent to censor â€Å"is a violation of the First Amendment† (40). She makes it very clear that she is determined to be linguistically free despite English oppression â€Å"free to write bilingually and to switch linguistic codes without always having to translate† (41). She is determined always to have a â€Å"wild tongue. â€Å"She proves that it is okay to know more than one language and that by speaking Spanish it does not make her less of a person. It possible that she wrote her story partly in Spanish so that she could make a point that she was proud of her native language. Rodriguez suffers the same oppressions but reacted differently to them. If Rodriguez is hostile to the same culture, he does not seem to be hostile to either Spanish or English as such. Instead, he realizes that in American culture, where one language only and educational accomplishment are connected to social and material benefit, those who capture the power of language and education are more likely to obtain those benefits. But this comes at a price because obtaining those benefits usually force emotional and cultural separation from family members who lack language or educational accomplishments. Rodriguez himself admitted that â€Å"[he] cannot afford to admire his parents†¦He permits himself embarrassment at their lack of education. And to evade nostalgia for the life he has lost, he concentrates on the benefits education will bestow upon him† (Rodriguez, 15). Even Henry Staten, in his essay, remarks â€Å"how his education, which culminated in a Ph. D in English from Berkeley in 1976, gradually alienated him from his uneducated, Mexican-born parents† (Staten 8-10). In all, from both excerpts, we encounter the negative impact of bilingual education. â€Å"Rodriguez, for whom â€Å"monolingualism† in English becomes a strategy for success in U. S society, brings his personal experience to the political realm by promoting English as the sole language of public education in the U. S†¦Anzaldua, on the other hand, reflects her linguistic background with a fine toothed comb, un tangling the many strands of English and Spanish that coexist in their multilayered identity. (Ramsdell 12-16) The diversity within America is constantly growing, which in turn means American culture is frequently changing. With all of these new and foreign cultures migrating to the U. S, come many new languages. Generally, many believe that language is power, but yet, people are constantly being silenced because of their â€Å"broken English† and accent. While their politics differ widely, both Rodriguez and Anzaldua lives have been forever altered due to t heir linguistic affiliations, and most significantly by straddling on the â€Å"borderlands. † How to cite The Negative Impact of Bilangual Education, Papers

Determine Clinical Utility For Procalcitonin-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Determine Clinical Utility For Procalcitonin? Answer: Introduction The reflective journal report is based on the article, Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship revisited (1). The article is the narrative review on the potential of the infection biomarker procalcitonin in infections other than the respiratory tract infections and sepsis. The aim of the article is to determine the clinical utility for procalcitonin or PCT in other infections such as Urinary tract infections, meningitis, and other superficial infections. The use of antibiotic treatment can be challenging for physicians due to ambiguity in using the conventional diagnostic markers such as C reactive protein and blood cultures in-patient suspected to have infection. The limitation pertains to the sensitivity and specificity (2). Antibiotic treatment for prolonged period has adverse consequences. In fifty per cent of the cases, the antimicrobial use has been found inappropriate and is unneeded in inpatient setting (3). It may lead to the antibiotic resistance and colla teral damage such asClostridiumdiffiicile-associated diarrhea. Recently, there is an increasing focus on the Procalcitonin, as an infection marker. Under normal circumstances it is produced by the thyroid C cells. However, in the case of bacterial infections, PCT is produced by many body tissues and it parallels to the severity of the inflammatory insult. Further, it is the prognostic indicator that the higher serum level of PCT is associated with the risk of mortality (2, 4). There is a growing body of literature on the use of PCT for the rationale use of the antibiotics. Thus, strong scientific evidence is needed to diagnose the bacteria infection using this marker, so that the antibiotic treatment can be reduced in duration when compared to other standard care. Thus, it is important to determine the efficacy of the PCT guided therapy. The benefits may include quick diagnosis, reduced hospital stay of patients even in severe sepsis and mortality (1, 3). If the clinical evidence is strong, the clinicians will be benefited. They can quickly diagnose the bacterial infections and treat on time, to prevent the clinical outcomes. The aim of the reflective journal is to summarise the selected journal article and critically evaluate the content of the research paper. Lastly, the overall summary is discussed based on the critically appraisal. Summary of article In the article by (1), the author has intended to update the clinicians on the new indications for PCT after the review published in 2011 indicating the use of prolactin in diagnosis and treatment of the lower respiratory tract infections and sepsis. This author of the article has performed a narrative review of the studies published in the period 2012-2013. The review includes various observational and interventional research and study designs. Most of the study designs selected were randomised control trials (RCT), RCT with real life (registry), meta-analysis of the RCTs, observational RCT of secondary analysis, only observational metaanalysis study, and only observational study. These chosen studies have investigated the use of the PCT in different types of infections and at different sites. The rationale for this narrative review is the inappropriate use of the antibiotics. With the emerging bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent call for intense ef forts to deal with the self-limiting nonbacterial and resolving diseases (5). There is a need of the one size fits all approach. This narrative review by (1) may add to the growing body of literature, highlighting a useful strategy for antibiotics treatment reduction. In the given article, pulmonary site, the infections covered are AECOPD, Asthma, bronchitis, community acquired immunity, and pulmonary fibrosis and upper respiratory infections. The infections related to heart studied are congestive heart failure, and endocarditis. The infections related to abdominal region covered are pancreatitis, appendicitis abdominal infections with peritonitis, and urinary tract infections. The blood related infections that are considered for determining the efficacy of PCT are Blood stream infection, Neutropenia and Severe sepsis/ shock. Some studies are included in the narrative review and deal with other infections such as arthritis, erysipelas, meningitis, and postoperative infections. Lastly, the article draws conclusion based on the results from different studies (1). Critical evaluation of the article The strength of the narrative paper is the flexibility of narratives (7). The author has focused on the broad picture of the Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis. The article has presented a comprehensive background on the chosen research area and the related gaps in this domain (1). The article contains wide range of relevant information on the Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis and its potential as infection biomarker. The strength of the study is the comprehensive details on the limitations of PCT (6). The interpretation of role of PCT is made carefully. The drawback of PCT related to suboptimal sensitivity and specificity was necessary to get idea of its clinical implication (1, 2). The literature review could have been presented in the article (1) precisely, instead of directly starting with the review (8). The article grabs the readers attention as it had clear question and focused on range of infections. The review has specified the type of the studies considered that makes easy for the readers to comprehend the methodology. It is the advantage of the study (9). However, the narrative review is limited due to lack of presentation of the search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thus, it remains ambiguous if the researcher had personal contact with the experts (8, 10). It is not clear if all the relevant studies in the chosen time frame were considered or not. The quality of the studies chosen for narrative review does not seem to be assessed and there is no hint on the assessment of the methodological quality. This is the drawback of the study. Hence, the validity of the narrative review is doubtful although the findings address the clinical question to some extent (11). It is evident from the paper (1) that the PCT is promising in reducing the antibiotic exposure. Thus, it will be highly beneficial for the patients suffering from the critically ill sepsis, UTIs, acute heart failure, meningitis, postoperative infections and other infections. If the antibiotics treatment can be reduced with PCT, it is added an advantage (12). Highlighting this aspect is the strength of the article. The most interesting finding was the antibiotic stewardship (for respiratory infection and sepsis) by monitoring PCT kinetics. It resulted in the shorter antibiotic treatment duration in case of other infections (2). The emphasis on the PCT kinetics for antibiotic stewardship for severe infections appeared to be the effective strategy to decrease the mortality due to short duration of the antibiotic treatment by early cessation of therapy. Highlighting these findings has positive clinical implications (1). This proves to be of prognostic value related to disease severity (1 2). The results are overall combined in a systemic manner, including all the studies selected. Different infections and the role of PCT in diagnosis and treatment are well presented under individual subheadings (13). The heterogeneity of the results are however, not considered by the author (14). The reviewer does not mention the other parameters related to the PCT evaluation such as odd ratio, relative risk, or p-value. It is not clear, if it was not mentioned or if it is not applicable to this review. Thus, the presentation of the results is descriptive. The tabular representation of the PCT cut off is mentioned among other parameters (15). The strength of the results section comes from the various settings that are useful for PCT-guided therapy. The theme of recoding the PCT values on admission can be of great help to the clinicians as it was found to reduce the antibiotic treatment in low risk situation (2, 3). The author at the end of the review emphasise on the need of the comparis on between CRP and PCT in terms of the antibiotic stewardship. The review concludes with need of intense efforts to reduce the inappropriate use of the antibiotics as also mentioned in other articles in this research area (1). These additional factors can be useful and be applied as it might contribute to the change in the clinical practice. There are several limitations to the narrative review inspite of the background of the broad topic. The nature of this type of research paradigm becomes too subjective in regards to the type of studies to be included or excluded and the overall conclusion drawn (16). The selection bias may lead to misleading results. The author has not conducted the systemic review for each type of the infection in the concerned article. Only selected studies based on the PubMed search were found and some were based on the authors expertise, that makes the results of the paper very enthusiastic due to subjective weighing of the studies chosen (1). Further, there is a probability of bias, as most of the studies did not bind the patient. When large set of studies are involved, it is challenging to determine and integrate the complex interactions (17). The author of the article has presented a very less data on the CRP markers of infection. Even for the other types of infections, PCT has not been well studied. This is the weakness of the study. However, there is a significant evaluation of the PCT marker and its role in different types of infection. The results related to this have been promising inspite of the limitations. The author of the chosen article has restricted the research to a very short time period that is 2012-2016. This is the drawback as the article has chance of missing relevant data pertaining to the research topic that has been published before this time (13). It may limit the reliability of the study and the conclusions dawn (15). Overall, the results are based on the personal evaluation, beliefs, thoughts and interpretations of the author. Since, it is an expert opinion; it can be considered an evidence of lowest type. These studies are not as rigorous as they should be (16). Systematic approach may eliminate the limitation of the narrative review. Thus, the futures studies may take this rigorous approach. This approach is suggested as systematic review is the reproducible and explicit summary of the health care interventions and their effects. Further, systematic review involves two reviewers and follows a well-structured peer review protocol. Since the reviewers review the methodology, the bias is reduced. The systematic review indentifies the quality of the chosen study therefore; they are more transparent than the narrative review. Further, systematic review is considered the cornerstone of the evidence based practice as it focuses on clinical question and indentifies the best evidence (18). The narrative question has established by developing a broad question. It should start with more clear and focused question. The focused question can include the population, intervention, comparison and outcomes. It is also called as PICO question in short and is effective in finding answers more efficiently. This process decreases the element of vague and chance of getting unnecessary results (19). Summary and discussion Based on the critical appraisal of the narrative review on the Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis, and antibiotics stewardship it is evident that there is a need of finding solution that will work as all purpose strategy. There is an emerging bacterial resistance to the antibiotics. However, the prolonged use of bacteria has many adverse consequences such as collateral damage and diarrhea associated with C.difficle. Earlier, many studies have tried to determine the efficacy of the PCT in the diagnosis and treatment of the bacterial infection. However, the focus of these previous studies was mainly on respiratory tract infections and sepsis. The narrative review however highlights the clinical utility for PCT in other infections such as Urinary tract infections, meningitis, and other superficial infections. This deviation in focus was necessary for the clinicians struggling with the prolonged use of the antibiotic therapy. Based on the findings of the narrative review, there are many clinical situations where the PCT may be useful. It includes the differentiation of the bacterial and the viral respiratory tract infection. PCT will be useful in the diagnosis of the septic arthritis, renal involvement in the paediatric urinary tract infections and distinguish between the bacterial and the viral meningitis. Other clinical situation were PCT can be used include monitoring of the response to the antibacterial therapy and diagnosis of the postoperative infection (systemic secondary infection) or cases of trauma, burns ad transplants (2, 3, 5). According to (4), clinicians should not make the decisions regarding the antimicrobial therapy based on the serum level of PCT. Rather; it will be effective if PCT is placed in the clinical context of each patient scenario (1, 4). The clinicians must consider the site of possible infection, the extent of bacteria invasion and the degree of illness. Other clinical data must also be considered, pertaining to the situation. However, once the use of PCT is approved, the factors to be considered are cost. It is expensive than CRP but hold greater value for determining the cessation of antibiotics. If there is a decreased antibiotic use, the cost savings through the use of the PCT can be identified. Based on the emerging studies, it can be concluded that, PCT appears to be persuasive and is an evidence based approach to use antibiotics more rationally. This article is like an eye-opener for diagnosis of different infections using PCT. There is a need of further research to compare the effectiveness of the CRP and PCT for diagnosis of adult emergency department patients. References Sager R, Kutz A, Mueller B, Schuetz P. Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship revisited. BMC medicine. 2017 Jan 24;15(1):15. Schuetz P, Daniels LB, Kulkarni P, Anker SD, Mueller B. Procalcitonin: A new biomarker for the cardiologist. International journal of cardiology. 2016 Nov 15;223:390-7. Sager, R., Wirz, Y., Amin, D., Amin, A., Hausfater, P., Huber, A., Haubitz, S., Kutz, A., Mueller, B. and Schuetz, P., 2017. Are admission procalcitonin levels universal mortality predictors across different medical emergency patient populations? Results from the multi-national, prospective, observational TRIAGE study.Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). Mallet M, Haq M, Tripon S, Bernard M, Benosman H, Thabut D, Rudler M. Elevated procalcitonin is associated with bacterial infection during acute liver failure only when unrelated to acetaminophen intoxication. European Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology. 2017 Jul 1;29(7):811-6. Nora D, Salluh J, Martin-Loeches I, Pvoa P. Biomarker-guided antibiotic therapystrengths and limitations. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2017 May;5(10). Elwood M. Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Oxford University Press; 2017 Mar 1. Kitson A, Marshall A, Bassett K, Zeitz K. What are the core elements of patient?centred care? A narrative review and synthesis of the literature from health policy, medicine and nursing. Journal of advanced nursing. 2013 Jan 1;69(1):4-15. Diprose W, Verster F, Schauer C. Re-examining physical findings with point-of-care ultrasound: a narrative review. The New Zealand medical journal. 2017 Jan 27;130(1449):46. Levashina J, Hartwell CJ, Morgeson FP, Campion MA. The structured employment interview: Narrative and quantitative review of the research literature. Personnel Psychology. 2014 Mar 1;67(1):241-93. Sandelowski M. Unmixing Mixed?Methods Research. Research in Nursing Health. 2014 Feb 1;37(1):3-8. Greco T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Saleh O, Pasin L, Cabrini L, Zangrillo A, Landoni G. The attractiveness of network meta-analysis: a comprehensive systematic and narrative review. Heart, lung and vessels. 2015;7(2):133. Schuetz P, Bretscher C, Bernasconi L, Mueller B. Overview of procalcitonin assays and procalcitonin-guided protocols for the management of patients with infections and sepsis. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 2017 Jun 3;17(6):593-601. Heyvaert, M., Hannes, K., Maes, B. and Onghena, P., 2013. Critical appraisal of mixed methods studies.Journal of mixed methods research,7(4), pp.302-327. Bae JM. Narrative reviews. Epidemiology and health. 2014;36. Snilstveit B, Oliver S, Vojtkova M. Narrative approaches to systematic review and synthesis of evidence for international development policy and practice. Journal of development effectiveness. 2012 Sep 1;4(3):409-29. McGauran N, Wieseler B, Kreis J, Schler YB, Klsch H, Kaiser T. Reporting bias in medical research-a narrative review. Trials. 2010 Apr 13;11(1):37. Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Blackmore H, Kitas GD. Writing a narrative biomedical review: considerations for authors, peer reviewers, and editors. Rheumatology International. 2011 Nov 1;31(11):1409. Uman LS. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;20(1):57. Souto RQ, Khanassov V, Hong QN, Bush PL, Vedel I, Pluye P. Systematic mixed studies reviews: updating results on the reliability and efficiency of the mixed methods appraisal tool. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2015 Jan 1;52(1):500-1.

Drinking And Driving Offences Essays (1266 words) -

Drinking and Driving Offences "DRINKING AND DRIVING OFFENCES" My essay is on "Drinking and Driving Offences". In my essay I will tell you the various kinds of drinking and driving offences, the penalties, and the defences you can make if you are caught drinking and driving. Let me tell you about the different offences. There are six offences in drinking and driving. They are "driving while impaired", "Having care and control of a vehicle while impaired", "Driving while exceeding 80 m.g.", "Having care and control of a vehicle while exceeding 80 m.g.", "Refusing to give a breath sample", and "refusing to submit to a roadside screen test. These are all Criminal Code Offences. Now lets talk about the penalties of drinking and driving. The sentence for "refusing to give a breath sample" is usually higher than either of the "exceeding 80 m.g." offences. Consequently it is usually easier in the long run for you to give a breath sample if asked. If, for example you are convicted of "Refusing ato give a breath sample" for the first time, but was earlie r convicted of "Driving while impaired", your conviction for "Refusing" will count as a second conviction, not a first, and will receive the stiffer penalty for second offences. For the first offence here is the penalty and the defences you can make. Driving a vehicle while your ability to drive is impaired by alcohol or drugs is one of the offences. Evidence of your condition can be used to convict you. This can include evidence of your general conduct, speech, ability to walk a straight line or pick up objects. The penalty of the first offences is a fine of $50.00 to $2000.00 and/or imprisonment of up to six months, and automatic suspension of licence for 3 months. The second offence penalty is imprisonment for 14 days to 1 year and automatic suspen- sion of licence for 6 months. The third offence penalty is imprisonment 2 for 3 months to 2 years (or more) and automatic suspension of licence for six months. These penalties are the same for the following offences. "Having Care and Control of a Motor Vehicle while Impaired" is another offence. Having care and control of a vehicle does not require that you be driving it. Occupying the driver's seat, even if you did not have the keys, is sufficient. Walking towards the car with the keys could be suffi- cient. Some defences are you were not impaired, or you did not have care and control because you were not in the driver's seat, did not have the keys, etc. It is not a defence that you registered below 80 m.g. on the breath- ayzer test. Having care and control depends on all circumstances. "Driving While Exceeding 80 m.g. is the next offence. Driving a vehicle, having consumed alcohol in such a quantity that the proportion of alcohol in your blood exceeds 80 miligrams of alcohol in 100 mililitres of blood. Some defences are the test was administered improperly, or the breathalyzer machine was not functioning properly. "Having Care and control of a Motor Vehicle while Exceeding 80 m.g." is the next offence I will talk about. This offence means having care and control of a vehicle whether it is in motion or not, having consumed alcohol in such a quantity that the proportion of alcohol in your blood exceeds 80 miligrams of alcohol in 100 mililitres of blood. The defences are the test was administered improperly, or the breathalyzer machine was not functioning properly. To defend against breathalyzer evidence you must understand how the test should be administered. The proper procedure for a breathalyzer test is as follows. Warming up the machine until the thermometer registers 50 degrees centigrade. This should take at least 10 minutes. The machine should then be turned to zero (by using the "adjust zero control") and a comparison ampoulel (of normal air) inserted. if the metre remains at zero, the test can proceed. An ampoule with a standard solution is then inserted. 3 If the metre reads high or low by more than .02% on two successive tests, the machine should not be used. If the trial is valid, the machine should be

Laicization in Latin America

Laicization in Latin America Before most Latin American nations gained independence from European powers, Catholicism was the dominant religion. The Catholic Church, as introduced by the Spanish, French and Portuguese in their respective colonies, maintained co-operative rather than competitive powers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Laicization in Latin America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, people had a set of specific religious rules to follow, which were both strict and compulsory in most families. However, the introduction of Protestantism and other religious movements brought some significance changes among many communities. In fact, distinguishing of religious powers in the region came with the birth of â€Å"Laicization†. Laicization in religion is a term used in reference to a secular way in which people gain the freedom to do various social and religious actions with little influence of mainstream religion. Some of these aspects include privatisation of religions, social differentiation and different configuration of beliefs. Such activities have faced much opposition in Latin America, especially in regions where the population of Catholics are dominant. In some of these areas, Catholics hold on to the claim that Catholic should be the only church in control of both political and religious affairs. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Laicization by answering such questions as â€Å"what makes laicization unique in Latin America?† and â€Å"To what extent is it necessary given the split throughout the region between Catholicism, Protestantism, and popular religion?† Within the context of Laicization, three unique elements are evident. First, it provides people with the freedom of personal conscience. In this case, every individual is entitled to own conscience. This therefore meant that by privatisation of religion, the state would protect all individuals regardless of their r eligious status. It further implies that interference would arise in whichever religion citizens chose to follow. Largely, this freedom brought social and moral liberalisation. Secondly, independence of politics from religion is a unique element of Laicization. In fact, it introduced the ideology of separation of the church from the state, meaning that both would act as separate entities. This extends to the freedom in decision-making and rule implementation. Finally, elimination of discrimination is a unique element in Laicization, which brought equality. The idea argues that anyone has the right and freedom to practice religion, regardless of gender differences. It meant that with uniformity of philosophical stands, equality would be embraced in all aspects of life.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Laicization is necessary to all religions because it introduced fre edom in both culture and religion. In an attempt to develop a good understanding of the concepts of discrimination, there has been a special focus on respect and balance in communities and individuals with differences in cultural and religious values. Having a monopoly religion had for many years brought about discrimination. However, the birth of religious pluralism gave birth to social coexistence between difference communities. In addition, the idea of Laicization has brought about modernisation even in the economy and politics. In fact, liberalization is a dominant aspect in these sectors. The process has further contributed to religious evolution, which in turn creates a social model that allows freedom in social and cultural interaction. Through democratic practices, laicization has made individual conscience strong. It provides individuals with the freedom of thinking and religion. Around the beginning of the 20th century, the complete separation of the church from the state and the universal declaration of laicity was a great achievement in Latin America. Diversity in religious philosophies has improved significantly, with citizens gaining the freedom of worship, conscience and sovereignty in their political will. Finally, it has brought about social mobility and the freedom to practice any religion.

Profile of World Food Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profile of World Food Organizations - Assignment Example FAO is currently engaged in food security programs and is striving to reduce hunger in the world in line with the Millennium Development Goals. Through a number of worldwide programs, FAO is promoting tangible and effective solutions to hunger, poverty and undernourishment. FAO is currently funding investment in agriculture. This is through the promotion of rural development in developing countries through identifying agricultural policies that are sustainable. It mobilizes funds from World Bank, regional development banks among other multilateral institutions. (FAO, 2003) The World Food Program has its headquarters in Rome, Italy. Its management team members include an Executive board having representatives from the thirty six member states. Ertharin Cousin is the current Executive Director. She is the head of the WFP secretariat. The WFP is funded by the European Union and various donations that are made voluntarily by the various governments in the world, private donors and corporations. The organization is currently involved in the coordination of pilot project, Purchase for Progress, which aims at helping the farmers access the agricultural market. WFP is also working towards improving the production in agriculture of the farmers in the developing countries through agricultural financing. UNDP has its headquarters in New York City. The management team members comprise of an administrator, Helen Clark, an associate administrator, Rebeca Grynspan and a number of assistant administrators including Tegegnework Gettu  from Ethiopia for Africa, Sima Sami Bahous representing the  Arab States,  Cihan SultanoÄŸlu  from Europe, Ajay Chhibber  representing Asia and the Pacifc,  Heraldo Munoz Valenzuela  representing the  Caribbean and the Latin America. At the Bureau of Management is  Jens Wandel  from Denmark. UNDP if funded majorly by private donors, governments and members.

Sensors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sensors - Assignment Example The most common used standards are J, K, T and E. B, S, R and K are used in steel and iron industries. Thermocouples are suitable for measuring high temperature range applications including kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines and other industrial applications (Pollock, 1991, p. 215) K thermocouples are appropriate for testing temperatures in processing plants such as petroleum refineries and chemical production plants. They are also appropriate for the tests of heating appliance safety. J thermocouples are appropriate for monitoring temperatures in inert materials and vacuum operations. They get oxidized when used for low temperature applications and thus are suitable for high temperature monitoring processes such as manufacture of resins and plastics N thermocouples offer a wide range of temperature and are stable resisting oxidation making suitable for use in high temperature applications. They are used in furnaces, ovens and kilns. They are also used to monitor temperature in engine exhausts and gas turbines. It is the smallest thermocouple consisting of two pieces of dissimilar wires that are held together through a welded bead. The welded bead is easily corroded or oxidized when used with liquids. It relies on a direct connection to an electrical circuit to accurately measure the temperature. They are small with fast response time making them a suitable choice for measuring gas temperature. Has a wire that is housed inside a metallic tube. The metallic tube serves as a sheath and is made up of materials such as stainless steel and Inconel. Inconel supports a higher temperature range while stainless steel is suitable for a wider range of chemical compositions. The tip of the probe may be grounded, ungrounded or exposed. The grounded tip keeps contact with the sheath to provide quick response time. A layer of

How, if at all, can development organisations overcome the gendered Essay

How, if at all, can development organisations overcome the gendered limits of the rule of law paradigm such as those identified by Katerina Pistor et al - Essay Example There should be no discrimination in application of existent laws to individuals based on their status in the society2. From this theory, even government officials and government institutions are subject to the legislation in a country. Status in society is not a basis for exemption from the law. The concept of the rule of law concept is said to have its origin from Greek and Roman roots. In its development, it survived as inchoate during the medieval period. The concept of the rule of law was viewed as a product of western political and legal thought. In its development, the rule of law evolved to have certain characteristics. Among the characteristics said to constitute the rule of law is that of formal legality. Formal legality basically entails that a law has to be public, prospective, stable and generally applicable through a fair judicial process3. A law has to be promulgated publicly in the society. It should reasonably be of common knowledge to the members of the society. A policy that has been given the force of law by the required institutions of the government should be made public. The newly enacted law should be promulgated publicly to enable it to come to the knowledge of citizens of a particular country or state. The rule of law also requires that a law should be prospective in nature. Prospective means that a law should not seek to punish or penalize acts done before it came into being. A law that is promulgated as required by the legal institutions in place becomes active from the day that it is promulgated4. Therefore, it only penalizes and punishes acts done from the date that it is promulgated. It follows that no man can be prosecuted for a non- existent offence or an offence that is not provided for by law. On this premise therefore it is required that a law should be prospective in nature. Another principle in the rule of law is that a law should be stable. Stability of the

How Will Bitcoin Impact Banks and Finance Structures?

How Will Bitcoin Impact Banks and Finance Structures? What is finance, and how does cryptocurrency fit in to our current understanding of it: At the start of the unit, one of the first concepts we were asked to consider was a point that is highly contended – a philosophical question which has never borne more significance than it does today, with the recent emergence and explosive growth of cryptocurrencies. We were asked to consider what finance was, and how it fit into society. Now it would be prudent to ask what finance is, and how cryptocurrencies fit in to our current understanding of it. Let me start to answer this with a brief description of ‘fiat’ currencies, or legal tenders, with no material value or value redeemable for commodities. Historically, the value of a nation’s currency was pegged against a commodity with well-established value, such as gold or silver. This was the case for the majority of currencies up until 1971, when Richard Nixon decoupled the US dollar from gold. Supply and demand determines the value of fiat currency. Governments can control how much is in circulation and control the value of money as well as inflation. One of the biggest downfalls of cryptocurrency according to its critics, is the inability of more tokens to enter circulation when demand is high. The total amount of Bitcoin, is limited by a digital production process analogous to precious metal mining, which can stop its value from being eroded by systematic over-production and debasement as has been the case with numerous fiat currencies historically.18 This inability to react to demand causes sharp volatility in the value of cryptocurrency, making them unreliable stores of value. This has been most evident with the steep spikes in Bitcoin value since the beginning of the year. Conversely, as fiat currencies are not linked to physical reserves, they risk becoming worthless due to  hyperinflation. If people lose faith in a nations paper currency, the money will no longer hold value. Fiat money serves as a good currency if it can handle the roles that an economy needs of its monetary unit: storing value, providing a numerical account and facilitating exchange. Because fiat money is not a scarce or fixed resource like gold, central banks have much greater control over its supply, which gives them the power to manage economic variables such as credit supply, liquidity, interest rates and money velocity. Cryptocurrencies on the other hand do not serve as a currency for one particular nation, and are not controlled by any government body either. Instead they employ what is known as blockchain technology, which is a form of digital ledger that is maintained by all the users of the network. An on-going record of all transactions is kept and added to, each time a new transaction occurs. Despite this however there is an inherently high level of anonymity, given that bitcoin, tezos etc. addresses are not linked directly to any person or entity. This also gives way to several problems for governments which are unable to control inflation or the amount of cryptocurrency in circulation, declaration of earnings and tax, prohibition of trading illegal goods and money laundering. There are several safe-guards in place to ensure against ‘double-spending’ and other fraudulent activities however which are built in to the blockchain technology. Further, as a result of this peer-to-peer network in which cryptocurrencies operate, there is no single point of failure, making it very difficult for the system to collapse.17 What potential effects will the use of cryptocurrency and decentralising of currency have, particularly on banks? The total value of all cryptocurrency in circulation is now  ~$200 billion USD3. Even though this is almost double the value it was in July, it is still trumped by the value of paper USD issued by the U.S. Federal Reserve, which alone amounts to about $1.4 trillion. We are therefore nowhere near the point yet where cryptocurrencies pose a credible threat of supplanting central-bank-issued money. Nonetheless it is worth thinking through some of the implications if something like Bitcoin (which has about a 45% market share of all cryptocurrencies) were to wholly or even partially supplant central bank fiat currency. The agreed protocols that govern Bitcoin, Tezos and other cryptocurrencies, are effectively their monetary policy. In exchange for mining blocks of bitcoins and consuming computing power to verify the legitimacy of transactions, Bitcoin â€Å"miners† get paid in Bitcoin. These rewards increase the supply of Bitcoin, though the increase in Bitcoin money supply is inhibited by the increasing difficulty of verifying transactions. Increasing computational power is required to verify each transaction and mine new blocks to create new Bitcoins, meaning that the total supply of coins is gradually approaching the limit of ~ 21 million coins (currently there are ~16.5 million in circulation). Fiat money has its own protocols that stabilise inflation using interest rates and bond-buying, and the money supply that results from this is generally ignored. With cryptocurrencies however, money supply does not respond to shifts in money demand and with a relatively fixed supply, large fluctuations in value and prices result (in the preceding 11 months the price of bitcoin has soared almost 8 fold5). This some argue, is specifically the reason Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies will not take over2 and makes Bitcoin impractical as a money. Cryptocurrencies however have proven to be a useful alternative to traditional reserve currencies in places with poor monetary policy and weak banks. In Kenya for example, 1 in 3 people own a bitcoin wallet1, while in India, where recently there has been a significant shortage in cash supply, greater numbers of people have converted to the use of bitcoin.4 If a particular country were to adopt Bitcoin to replace its currency, the effects of doing so would likely be felt by others in a knock-on effect. A larger credit cycle in one country would mean larger booms and busts for its trading partners. Foreigners outside the country that adopted the cryptocurrency, may also opt to deposit directly within that country and desert their own country’s banks in doing so – this could affect the flow of capital into and out of a their home country, further amplifying the credit cycle. The latest difficulties with Bitcoin make the prospect of a crypto currency takeover seem fanciful at the moment, but if solutions to these problems were found or a new currency were devised with better protocols, central banks would have to resolve these dilemmas one way or another. Financial history – what can we learn from historical bubbles and is it reasonable to foresee the current growth as sustainable?: An  economic  or  asset bubble,  is trade in an  asset  at a price or price range that strongly exceeds the assets  intrinsic value.  It could also be described as a situation in which asset prices appear to be based on implausible or inconsistent views about the future19. The general consensus among industry professionals, is that the current cryptocurrency market is in an unsustainable phase of bubble growth6,7. There were 30 ICOs each launching new cryptocurrencies in July, then more than 50 in August. Part of this mania is based on speculation. But its also clear that there has been departure from a fundamental assumption of what a cryptocurrency originally was – a scarce digital commodity where the value derived from its scarcity. To be frank, if more than one hundred new sources of this digital commodity have been launched since June, then the concept of scarcity, and therefore the supposed inherent value, begins to erode. In fact, many of these newer cryptocurrencies will need to fail in order to maintain the value and viability of the most widely used currencies, bitcoin and ether. These look to remain viable over the intermediate and perhaps long-term, though not necessarily at the current prices. History has shown us that the majority of cryptocurrencies fail dismally at some point soon after their conception16. Only a select handful have shown consistent growth over the last few years. Bitcoin itself has crashed significantly several times. Even so, though the core blockchain technology left behind others, will provide value as a hidden infrastructure underlying future applications. Though bitcoin has seen astronomical growth over the last year one of the major problems in its use is the extreme volatility in its value. On April 8th 2013 for example, Bitcoin was valued at $215 USD, eight days later this figure dropped to $63 USD then seven months after this its price soared to $1,200 USD. This volatility was in hindsight partly a consequence of strong speculative demand from buyers for a new and unknown technology.   There are however, more fundamental problems that cause the value of Bitcoin to fluctuate. The algorithm that controls supply prevents the amount of Bitcoin from expanding to meet increases in demand. This inelasticity in supply leads to price variations and also encourages speculation and excessive volatility, all of which render it unreliable as a store of value.7 The cryptocurrency market is new and being filled with new currencies almost daily. As competition develops however and with little history, few can value them correctly, forecast which currencies will succeed, and whether they are all part of a larger bubble that will eventually burst. History has shown however that new financial instruments are the authors of financial bubbles – be they options for tulip bulbs in the 1630s, fiat money in the Mississippi bubble of the 1700s, stock in the South Sea bubble, leverage in 1929 or collateralised debt instruments in the credit crunch of 2007, the problem was the world was behind the knowledge curve of the instrument and the power of greed drove the market wild and finally into collapse.8 It would therefore not be unusual to see a similar crash with cryptocurrencies in the near future. Cryptocurrency regulation How is it possible to regulate an online currency based globally?: In short, it isn’t. The whole premise of cryptocurrencies is that they are decentralized and ungoverned by any one government, but rather managed by a peer-to-peer network of users worldwide. The focus has thus shifted to the soundness and legality of investing in them through means such as ICOs and derivatives markets. In the largely unregulated world off cryptocurrencies, one issue remains at the forefront of the attention of regulators such as the SEC (in the U.S.) and ASIC (in Australia), and that is in the nature of ICOs, whether they are seeking genuine donations for the development of software, or whether they are in fact shares in a company or other investment, which contributors hope to redeem at a future date for financial benefit – an illegal and unregulated speculative investment. Initial coin offerings have raised $3.6 billion USD so far this year15 with several currency developers generating vast amount of capital in a matter of hours with little more than a website and a promise of a revolutionary new product. This unchecked source of crowd-funding has been banned by several governments, as other countries’ regulatory bodies such as the SEC and ASIC, have developed their own policies regarding these offerings. On September 4th, China banned investment in ICOs citing breaches of securities laws and â€Å"disruption to economic and financial order†13, and moved to shut down cryptocurrency exchanges also.13 In July, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission required companies to register ICOs in the same fashion as IPOs14. Following this ruling on September 29th, the SEC charged two companies with fraud and selling unregistered securities after running successful ICOs that collected more than $300,000 USD14. Substantial efforts have been made to legitimise cryptocurrency offerings by law firms such as Cooley in New York and others with vested interests in making ICOs work. Cooley attests that it has developed a â€Å"simple agreement for future tokens† (SAFT) framework that will allow token sales to be compliant with US securities laws. This is important given that several major ICOs had excluded US individuals from participating given the then-standing issues with the SEC. If by applying the SAFT framework the SEC is satisfied, then US investors would have access to more ICOs providing a major source of capital to them. The basic premise of the Simple Agreement of Future Tokens (SAFT) is that the cryptotoken fail the Howey test, a measure of whether a financial instrument is in fact a security. In order for tokens to fail the test and not be considered securities, they must be delivered to investors only after a functioning product or service is in place. â€Å"The network and the token must be genuinely useful such that they are actually used on a functional network,† according to Cooley’s framework. To date ICOs have delivered tokens to investors before the launch of the underlying currency, meaning that the only real function tokens could have use for would be in trading in secondary markets, blatantly classifying them as securities.   In the case of Tezos, investors bought into the project hoping that the Tezos platform would be built successfully, and that by owning the tokens, also yet to be created, they would become stakeholders able to shape the final platform. One particular case highlights the blatant regulatory arbitrage which is plain for all to see, and which the founders of Tezos attempted to disguise by consistently referring to their ICO contributions as â€Å"non-refundable donations†, in order to make ambiguous the nature of the security they were offering. Tim Draper, one of the main venture capital backers, when asked by Reuters how much he had donated replied â€Å"You mean how much I bought? A lot.† In Australia, ASIC released a decisive factsheet on ICOs and their position, stipulating that ICOs must be conducted in a manner that â€Å"promotes investor trust and confidence, and complies with the relevant laws†11. ASIC has also warned that the Corporations Act may apply to an ICO depending on the rights that attach to the coin from the ICO itself, rights to underlying coins or rights on tokens used in the ICO. Likewise, ASIC has also made it clear that if an ICO is conducted to fund a company, then the rights attached to the coins issued by the ICO may fall within the definition of a share. Where it appears that an issuer of an ICO is actually making an offer of a share, the issuer will need to prepare a prospectus as for any other IPO11, which will allows investors the safeguard to withdraw their investment before the shares are issued should there be misleading or deceptive information in the prospectus.    Lastly it is worth noting that some ICOs have been described by their initiators as a form of crowd funding. In Australia, ASIC has made a clear distinction between crowd funding using an ICO and crowd-sourced funding (CSF) that has been regulated by the Corporations Act since 29th September 201711. Under the new laws, CSF will be a financial service where start-ups and small businesses raise funds, generally from a large number of investors that invest small amounts of capital. There will be specific rules for conducting CSF with fewer regulatory requirements than ICOs, while maintaining investor protection measures. This is particularly of importance in the case of Tezos, where the developers sought â€Å"donations† to fund the development of their network, a deliberate misrepresentation which would now be both illegal and arguably unethical in Australia. REFERENCES: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ameer-rosic-/7-incredible-benefits-of-_1_b_13160110.htmlhttps://ftalphaville.ft.com/2017/06/07/2189849/guest-post-the-consequences-of-allowing-a-cryptocurrency-takeover-or-trying-to-head-one-off/https://coinmarketcap.com/all/views/all/https://news.bitcoin.com/bitcoin-demand-rise-cash-run-dry-india/https://au.investing.com/currencies/btc-aud-historical-datahttps://www.coindesk.com/comes-cryptocurrency-bubble/http://www.cityam.com/1408388669/why-bitcoin-won-t-be-money-future-cryptocurrencies-might-behttps://www.forbes.com/sites/investor/2017/05/31/cryptocurrency-is-a-bubble/#4501c7dc33b1https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-27/cryptocurrency-derivatives-you-bet-this-trader-has-295-returnhttps://ftalphaville.ft.com/2017/10/19/2195028/trouble-in-ico-paradise/http://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/digital-transformation/initial-coin-offerings/https://qz.com/1091812/the-secs-ico-crackdown-may-be-avoided-by-the-saft-legal-framework/https://techcrunc h.com/2017/09/04/chinas-central-bank-has-banned-icos/https://coinidol.com/icos-to-be-regulated-as-ipos-in-the-us/https://www.coinschedule.com/stats.phphttps://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/deadcoins/https://bitcoin.org/en/how-it-workshttps://3decuj2tc6bl1oljdt3zfwbb-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/Currency-Debasement.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_bubble

Global Warming is Destroying Our Planet Essay -- Climate Change, Argum

Is global warming happening right now, and it is causing climate shifts on the Earth? Scientists are still proving this theory by researching data throughout the world. Though scientists are working hard to verify the theory, all the blame is on us, the consumers. Climate shifts are becoming a problem, and people need to be aware of what consequences may be ahead. People need to know, what can be done by this? Most individuals would not give this topic a second thought, but with the research being done there may be a solution to help our Earth. Opposing viewpoints and arguments are debatable in this case, because everyone has a different opinion but this is how I want to advise people to take caution for the revolutionary weather season. I will be discussing the controversy of global warming, history patterns, greenhouse gases, and the biggest emitters of green house gases; in which, will bring up a few more sub-topics to inform the people on. I support the research being done on gl obal warming and the deep investigation on the effects it may have. Although there may be opposing issues that feed this topic to grow as a controversy, people in the third world neglect the economy, and still expect to fund their yearly needs with no delay. How do we support ourselves when it comes to our necessities and our people are not willing to pay? Global warming is not going to stop, and even our countries leader is trying to resolve the issue about climate change. According to Patrick Jonsson, staff writer of Christian Science Publishing, four in ten Americans now say they place little, or no trust in what scientists proclaim about the environment. Disregard the fact of being republican or democrat, but even President Obama has made his a... ...1 Jun 2010,National Newspaper Abstracts (3), ProQuest. Web. 7 Jul. 2010. Riebeek, Holli. "Global Warming : Feature Articles." NASA Earth Observatory : Home. 3 June 2010. Web. 08 July 2010. . "Snow and Ice Cover." Environmental Science: In Context. Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 741-742. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. Butler County Community College. 7 July 2010 http://butlerlib.butlercc.edu:2390/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=klnb_bucc Tomizuka, A.. "Estimation of the power of greenhouse gases on the basis of absorption spectra. " American Journal of Physics 78.4 (2010): 359. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 7 Jul. 2010. Weaver, R.. "Sensory Overload over Global Warming. " Journal of Forestry 106.7 (2008): 398-399. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 7 Jul. 2010.